The period of the world in which Isaiah lived was in some respects a forming period. It was during his life that the kingdom of assyria, which had so long swayed a scepter of entire dominion over the East, began to wane, and that its power was broken. The kingdom of babylon, which ultimately became so vast and mighty, and which destroyed Assyria itself was established during his life on a basis that secured its future independence and grandeur. The kingdom of Macedon, whose rise was followed by so great events under the emperor Alexander, was founded about the time when Isaiah began his prophetic life (814 b.c.), by Caranus. carthage had been founded about half a century before (869 b.c.); and rome was founded during his life, 753 b.c. syracuse was built by Archias of Corinth, during his life, 769 b.c. It is of some importance in recollecting the events of ancient history to group them together, and some advantage may be derived to the student from connecting these events with the name and life of Isaiah.
The following tables, copied mainly from Jahn’s Biblical Archaeology, will give a correct view of the principal chronological events in the time of Isaiah, and may be of use in the correct understanding of his prophecies:
| Table I - The Kingdoms | ||||||
| b.c. | Judah | Israel | Assyria | Media | Babylon | Others |
| 825 | Amaziah | Jeroboam II. | | Arbaces, 29 years. | | |
| 814 | | Jonah, the prophet. | | | | Macedonia |
| 811 | Uzziah, 52 years. | Amos, the prophet. | | | | |
| 797 | | | | Interreg-num, 79 years. | | |
| 784 | | Hosea, the prophet. | | | | |
| 773 | | Zechariah, 6 months. | Phul, 21 years. | | | |
| 772 | | Menachem, 10 years. | | | | |
| 761 | Isaiah, the prophet. | Pekahiah, 2 years. | | | | |
| 759 | Jotham, 16 years. Micah, the prophet. | Pekah, 20 years. | | | | |
| 753 | | | Tiglath-Pileser, 19 years. | | | Rome |
| 747 | | | | | Nabonassar 14, or Merodach-Baladan. | |
| 743 | Ahaz, 16 years | | | | | |
| 740 | | | Conquers Damascus, Galilee & Gilead. | | | |
| 739 | | Interreg-num, 9 years | | | | |
| 734 | | | Shalmaneser, 14 years. | | | Nadius, 2, years. |
| 730 | | Hosea, 9 years. | | | | Porus, 5 years. |
| 728 | Hezekiah, 29 years. | | | | | Jugaeus, 5 years. |
| 722 | | Overthrow of Israel | | | | |
| Table II - The Kingdom | ||||
| b.c. | Judah | Assyria | Media | Babylon |
| 721 | Hezekiah | | | |
| 720 | | Sennacherib, 7 years. | | |
| 718 | | | Dejocces, 53 years. | |
| 714 | | Senn. In Judea. | | |
| 713 | | Essar-haddon, 35 years. | | |
| 709 | | | | Arkianus, 5 years. |
| 704 | | | | Interreg. 2 years. |
| 702 | | | | Belibus, 3 years. |
| 699 | Manasseh, 55 years | | | Apronadius, 6 years. |
| 693 | | | | Rigebelus, 1 year. |
| 692 | | | | Messomordacus, 4 years. |
Analysis of the Chapter
This chapter contains:
I. the inscription or title to the whole Book of Isaiah Isaiah 1:1; and,
II. an entire prophecy respecting the land of Judah. In regard to the title see the notes at Isaiah 1:1.
The remainder of the chapter Isaiah 1:2-31 comprises a single prophecy, complete in itself, and evidently delivered on a single occasion. It has no immediate connection with that which follows, though it may have been delivered about the same period. When it was delivered is not known. We are informed Isaiah 6:1 that the vision of Yahweh, which Isaiah had in the temple, occurred during the last year of the reign of Uzziah. The only indication which we can have of the time when this prophecy was uttered, is to be derived from its location, and from the accordance of its contents with the state of things in Judea. It is evident that the anchor of the arrangement, whoever he was, regarded it as properly placed in the order of time before the account of the vision of Yahweh, that is, as having been uttered before the death of Uzziah. Nor are the contents of such a nature as to render it improbable that the collector has followed the natural order in which the prophecies were delivered.
On some accounts, indeed, it might better be regarded as spoken during the reign of Ahaz; but at any time of the Jewish history in which Isaiah lived, it is not an inappropriate description of the character of the Jewish people. There is one internal indication indeed that it was not delivered in the time of Ahaz. Ahaz bad filled the land with the groves and altars of idolatry. See the Introduction, 3. But this prophecy does not allude to idolatry, as the leading and characteristic sin. It is a description of a people who still kept up the form of the worship of Yahweh; of a people deeply depraved indeed, and suffering under the tokens of the divine displeasure, but who were professedly the worshippers of the true God. It is descriptive of a time when the nation was distinguished for hypocrisy rather than idolatry. It naturally falls, therefore, into the time of Uzziah, or Jotham - as it cannot be supposed that it delivered during the reign of Hezekiah, it would be so far misplaced as to constitute the introductory chapter to the whole series of prophecies.
In regard to the time when it was uttered, and the time to which it refers, there have been very different opinions. Abarbanel, Grotius, and Rosenmuller, suppose that it refers to the times of Uzziah; De Wette supposes that it relates to the reign of Jotham; Piscator, Hensler, Arnold, regard it as relating to the reign of Ahaz.; and Jarchi, Vitringa, and Eichhorn, refer it to the times of Hezekiah. In such a variety of opinion it is impossible to fix the time with any certainty. Nor is it very material. It was not an inappropriate description of the general character of the Jewish people; and there can be no doubt that there were times during the long prophetic life of Isaiah, when it would be found to accord fully with the condition of the nation. Unhappily, also, there are times in the church now, when it is fully descriptive of the character of the professed people of God, and it contains truths, and fearful denunciations, not less appropriate to them, than they were to the people who lived in the time of Isaiah.
The prophecy is highly objurgatory and severe in its character. It is made up of reproof, and of assurances that the evils which they were suffer. tug were for their hypocrisy, and other sins. It commences with a solemn and very sublime address to heaven and earth to witness the dccp depravity, and the pcrvading corruption of the land of Judah. It was such as was adapted to attract the attention, and to amaze all beings in heaven and on earth, Isaiah 1:2-4. The prophet then proceeds to state that the existing calamities of the nation had been inflicted on account of their sins, and that for those sins the land was laid waste, Isaiah 1:5-9. Yet they kept up the appearance of religion. They were constant and regular, externally, in offering sacrifices. But their character was deeply hypocritical. The services of God were so false and hollow, that he spurned and despised them. They were a weariness to him, and a burden, Isaiah 1:10-15. The prophet then calls on the sinful nation to turn from their sins, and to seek God, with the assurance that he was willing to re-admit them to his favor; to pardon all their crimes, and to receive them as his own children, Isaiah 1:16-20. If they did not do it, he assures them that heavier judgments would come upon them than they had yet experienced, Isaiah 1:21-25; and that God would so deal with them as to effect a change in the nation, and to restore the happier and purer state of things existing in former days. The wicked would be punished, and Zion would be redeemed, Isaiah 1:26-31.