That have the rule over you. — Better, that are your leaders: see Hebrews 13:7; Hebrews 13:17.
They of Italy salute you. — These much discussed words are consistent with either of two hypotheses: — (1) That the writer is in Italy, and salutes “the Hebrews” in the name of the Christians of Italy: (2) That the writer is addressing a Church of Italy, and sends greeting from Christians who have their home in Italy, but are now with him. (See Introduction.)