harlot. wanton. Not the same word as in Hosea 4:14, though the symbol is similar.
Judah. Compare Hosea 1:7.
Gilgal. Jeroboam had erected an idolatrous temple there. See Hosea 9:15; Hosea 12:11.Amos 4:4; Amos 5:5. Compare Judges 3:19. There, too, they had rejected Jehovah as king (1 Samuel 7:16; 1 Samuel 10:8; 1 Samuel 11:14; 1 Samuel 11:15). See note on Hosea 9:15.
Beth-aven. house of naught. Put for Beth-el (= the house of GOD), now profaned by Jeroboam (1 Kings 12:28-33; 1 Kings 13:1.Amos 3:14; Amos 3:14). The prophecy fulfilled in Jeremiah 48:13. See also 2 Kings 10:29; 2 Kings 17:6-23.Amos 7:13.
nor swear, &c. Compare Amos 8:14.Zephaniah 1:5.