SECTION 3. 16:1-20:42. The Rise And Preservation of David.
There is a certain irony in what follows. The people had chosen a king in order that they might find security in him, but their security is now to be revealed as resting in a war leader by the name of David, on whom YHWH has poured out His Spirit as He did on the judges of old. So it turns out that they are after all still dependent on YHWH to provide them with a war leader, and this is because of the failure of their king who cannot, for example, cope even with Goliath, as a result of the fact that the Spirit of YHWH is no longer on him. How much wiser they would have been to continue to trust in YHWH and look only to Him. When we think that we know better than God it can only result in disillusionment.
A). The Rise Of David (16:1-18:4).
Summary.
a Samuel Anoints David As The Prospective King And The Spirit Of YHWH Comes Mightily On Him (1 Samuel 16:1-13).
b Saul's Psychiatric Problems Result In The Introduction Of David To Saul's Court As The Son Of Jesse.
c Goliath And The Philistines Challenge Israel (1 Samuel 17:1-19).
d David Is Appalled That An Uncircumcised Philistine Dares To Defy The Armies Of The Living God (1 Samuel 17:20-30).
e David Offers To Fight Goliath And Is Accepted As Saul's Champion (1 Samuel 17:31-39).
d David Challenges Goliath For Daring To Defy The Armies Of The Living God (1 Samuel 17:40-50).
c The Philistines Are Routed (17:51-54).
b Saul Enquires Into David's Antecedents (1 Samuel 17:53-58).
a Jonathan, The Heir Apparent, Gives To David His Own Armour Out Of His Love For Him (1 Samuel 18:1-4).
Note that in ‘a' David is anointed by Samuel thus coming under covenant to YHWH and the Spirit of YHWH comes on him, and in the parallel David is accepted by Jonathan, the heir apparent, and comes under covenant to Jonathan the king's son. In ‘b' Saul's court is introduced to David's antecedents, and in the parallel Saul seeks to know his antecedents. In ‘c' Goliath and the Philistines challenge Israel, and in the parallel Goliath is routed. In ‘d' David is appalled that Goliath dare defy the living God, and in the parallel David challenges Goliath for daring to defy the living God. Centrally in ‘'e' David is accepted as Saul's champion.
Chapter 17.
YHWH's Anointed Is Revealed As Being YHWH's Chosen Champion By His Defeat Of The Philistine Champion (1 Samuel 17:1-54).
It is interesting to note how the revelation of David's kingship to the reader follows the pattern of that of Saul's. Both were anointed secretly by Samuel (1 Samuel 16:13 compare 1 Samuel 10:1), the Spirit of YHWH came mightily on both (1 Samuel 16:13, compare 1 Samuel 10:10) and both established their popularity in Israel by an outward manifestation of the power of the Spirit of YHWH that was on them (1 Samuel 17:12-54, compare 1 Samuel 11:1-13). Other parallels include the descriptions of their suitability physically (1 Samuel 16:12, compare 1 Samuel 9:2), and their dedication to looking after animals who were their responsibility (1 Samuel 17:34-36, compare 1 Samuel 9:3-4). This latter would count for much among an agricultural people.
The incident described here which brings out that the Spirit of YHWH is now on David begins with an indication of Israel's parlous situation. The Philistines were once again seeking to exert their authority over Israel, and had advanced up the Valley of Elah to the lowlands of Judah where the opposing forces were facing each other. But while the Philistines had their ‘champion' (‘the man who stands between two armies'), we are to see that Israel had no champion who could act on their behalf, because there was now no one who was filled with the Spirit of YHWH who could act for them. The man who was head and shoulders above all the others, and who had once been endowed by the Spirit of YHWH, was now a broken man because of his disobedience. He was thus powerless to do anything. And there was no one else to act in his place. Even the mighty Jonathan and the great Abner paled before the challenge of Goliath, and no doubt Saul would not allow them to go out against him. He did not want to lose his eldest son or his commander-in-chief.
This method of pitting champions against each other before a battle was a common one in the ancient world (compare 2 Samuel 2:14-15). It was believed that by this means the gods would reveal, without the necessity for the spilling of unnecessary blood, who were destined to be the victors. The idea was that once one's champion had been defeated in battle there was no point in fighting on, for it indicated that the gods were clearly against you. Thus the issue would be seen as already been determined. (It also did not help, of course, if your opponents' champion was a great deal larger than anyone else).
In the end, however, this story is about a man who was mightily endued with the Spirit of YHWH. The result was that he revealed his true faith in YHWH. There were many slingers among the Israelite ranks, some of whom could probably sling within a hair's breadth (Judges 20:26), but not one of them thought of challenging Goliath. Had they even considered it they would have recognised immediately that their slinging arm might well fail them under such pressure, and that should that happen in a circumstance like this it would in the end result, not only in their own deaths, but also in the humiliation of Israel. It was only David who was so confident in YHWH that he knew that his hand would not fail, and who was so angered at the thought of the Philistine defying the armies of YHWH of hosts that he could think of nothing else but to bring him down. In the light of that he did not even consider the possibility of losing for he was totally confident that YHWH could not fail him. And we are in the secret and know why. It was because he was filled with the Spirit of YHWH.