Shebna to be Deposed and Eliakim Installed in his Office. This denunciation of Shebna, who seems to have been a foreigner, was probably due to the obnoxious character of his policy. Presumably he favoured the Egyptian alliance. The sarcastic description of the abuse of Eliakim's position by his relatives, and their subsequent downfall with him, can hardly be due to the author of the remarkable eulogy that has just preceded. Accordingly Isaiah 22:24 f., at least, must be regarded as a later addition, probably by a scribe unfriendly to Eliakim's family. On the other hand, it is not likely that Isaiah 22:19-23 is also an appendix. Isaiah's address to Shebna may have stopped with Isaiah 22:18 or Isaiah 22:19, but in issuing the prophecy he may well have added this prediction of Eliakim's elevation. The theory of two appendices is intrinsically improbable, and why should a late writer have composed this glorification of Eliakim? In 701 Eliakim appears as house-steward (Isaiah 36:3), while Shebna, if the same person, is secretary. The date is probably somewhat earlier than Sennacherib's invasion. The office of house-steward (cf. mg.) was one of great importance and influence. Isaiah not only detested Shebna's policy, but he seems to have resented the elevation of a foreigner to such a position.
This invective is apparently uttered at the site of the sepulchre which Shebna was having hewn out for him. He had no ancestry in Jerusalem and no inherited possession, yet he was hewing out a grave on high in the rock, apparently in a distinguished position where members of old Jerusalem families alone had a right to be buried. Shebna aspired to found a family, perhaps by making his sepulchre there, just as now a man who has risen from the ranks might try to found an aristocratic house by accepting a peerage. Isaiah tells him that he will be flung into a foreign land and die there, where his sepulchre in Jerusalem will be of no use to him. In Isaiah 22:16 b, where he speaks of Shebna with scornful anger in the third person, he seems to be addressing the bystanders. Then in language of tremendous energy he utters the upstart's doom. Yahweh lays firm hold upon him (mg.), winds him round and round like a ball (mg.), and flings him violently into a foreign land (probably Assyria) so large, that there will be room for him to go a long way before he stops. In contrast to the glory of his chariots, Isaiah reviles the man himself as a disgrace to the court. That Yahweh deposes him from his office seems to be a subsequent modification of the original judgment. It may, however, simply prepare the way for the prophecy of Eliakim's elevation to Shebna's office. Yahweh s servant Eliakim, who now sympathises with Isaiah's point of view, and whose appointment would imply a change in the king's policy, is to be invested with Shebna's robe and office, and will worthily use his high position, one of almost absolute authority. He will be firmly fixed in his position like a nail firmly driven into the wall. His family will derive advancement from his dignity; he will be like a throne of glory on which they will be seated. From this glowing eulogy we pass to a sarcastic enumeration (by a later writer) of the people who reap advantage from their kinsman's elevation. The nail fastened in a sure place, bearing the burden hung upon it, gives way under the strain. Eliakim falls through the favouritism to his relatives which he has displayed in his office.
Isaiah 22:18. To use chariots in the early period was a method of claiming the crown, as we see from the stories of Absalom (2 Samuel 15:1) and Adonijah (1 Kings 1:5). No doubt it had lost this significance in Isaiah's time, but it was probably still a dignity reserved for those of high rank (cf. Jeremiah 17:25).
Isaiah 22:22. The key is the symbol of authority (cf. Matthew 16:19; Revelation 1:18). Its holder was the king or king's deputy. The keys were of great size and weight, and carried on the shoulder (cf. Isaiah 9:6). The passage is practically quoted in Revelation 3:7.
Isaiah 22:25. It is a mistake to suppose that this verse refers to Shebna.