Psalms 88 - Clarke's commentary and critical notes on the Bible

Bible Comments
  • Psalms 88:1 open_in_new

    A Song or Psalm for the sons of Korah, to the chief Musician upon Mahalath Leannoth, Maschil of Heman the Ezrahite. O LORD God of my salvation, I have cried day and night before thee: O Lord God of my salvation - This is only the continuation of prayers and supplications already often sent up to the throne of grace.

  • Psalms 88:2 open_in_new

    Let my prayer come before thee: incline thine ear unto my cry; Let my prayer come before thee - It is weak and helpless, though fervent and sincere: take all hinderances out of its way, and let it have a free passage to thy throne. One of the finest thoughts in the Iliad of Homer concerns prayer; I shall transcribe a principal part of this incomparable passage - incomparable when we consider its origin: -

    Και γαρ τε Λιται εισι Διος κουραι μεγαλοιο,

    Χωλαι τε, ῥυσσαι τε, παραβλωπες τ' οφθαλμω·

    Αἱ ῥα τε και μετοπισθ' Ατης αλεγουσι κιουσαι·

    Ἡ δ' Ατη σθεναρη τε και αρτιπος· οὑνεκα πασας

    Πολλον ὑπεκπροθεει, φθανει δε τε πασαν επ' αιαν,

    Βλαπτους' ανθρωπους· αἱ δ' εξακεονται ποισσω·

    Ὁς μεν τ' αιδεσεται κουρας Διος, ασσον ιουσας,

    Τονδε μεγ' ωνησαν, και τ' εκλυον ευξαμενοιο.

    Ὁς δε κ' ανῃνηται, και τε στερεως αποειπῃ,

    Λισσονται δ' αρα ταιγε Δια Κρονιωνα κιουσαι,

    Τῳ Ατην ἁμ' ἑπεσθαι, ἱνα βλαφθεις αποτιση.

    Αλλ', Αχιλευ, πορε και συ Διος κουρησιν ἑπεσθαι

    Τιμην, ῃτ' αλλων περ επιγναμπτει φρενας εσθλων.

    Iliad., 9:498-510.

    Prayers are Jove's daughters; wrinkled, lame, slant-eyed,

    Which, though far distant, yet with constant pace

    Follow offense. Offence, robust of limb,

    And treading firm the ground, outstrips them all,

    And over all the earth, before them runs

    Hurtful to man: they, following, heal the hurt.

    Received respectfully when they approach,

    They yield us aid, and listen when we pray.

    But if we slight, and with obdurate heart

    Resist them, to Saturnian Jove they cry.

    Against, us supplicating, that offense

    May cleave to us for vengeance of the wrong.

    Thou, therefore, O Achilles! honor yield

    To Jove's own daughters, vanquished as the brave

    Have ofttimes been, by honor paid to thee.

    Cowper.

    On this allegory the translator makes the following remarks: "Wrinkled, because the countenance of a man, driven to prayer by a consciousness of guilt, is sorrowful and dejected. Lame, because it is a remedy to which men recur late, and with reluctance. Slant-eyed, either because in that state of humiliation they fear to lift up their eyes to heaven, or are employed in taking a retrospect of their past misconduct. The whole allegory, considering when and where it was composed, forms a very striking passage." Prayer to God for mercy must have the qualifications marked above.

    Prayer comes from God. He desires to save us: this desire is impressed on our hearts by his Spirit, and reflected back to himself. Thus says the allegory, "Prayers are the daughters of Jupiter." But they are lame, as reflected light is much less intense and vivid than light direct. The desire of the heart is afraid to go into the presence of God, because the man knows, feels, that he has sinned against goodness and mercy. They are wrinkled - dried up and withered, with incessant longing: even the tears that refresh the soul are dried up and exhausted. They are slant-eyed; look aside through shame and confusion; dare not look God in the face. But transgression is strong, bold, impudent, and destructive: it treads with a firm step over the earth, bringing down curses on mankind. Prayer and repentance follow, but generally at a distance. The heart, being hardened by the deceitfulness of sin does not speedily relent. They, however, follow: and when, with humility and contrition, they approach the throne of grace, they are respectfully received. God acknowledges them as his offspring, and heals the wounds made by transgression. If the heart remain obdurate, and the man will not humble himself before his God, then his transgression cleaves to him, and the heartless, lifeless prayers which he may offer in that state, presuming on God's mercy, will turn against him; and to such a one the sacrificial death and mediation of Christ are in vain. And this will be the case especially with the person who, having received an offense from another, refuses to forgive. This latter circumstance is that to which the poet particularly refers. See the whole passage, with its context.

  • Psalms 88:4 open_in_new

    I am counted with them that go down into the pit: I am as a man that hath no strength: I am counted with them, etc. - I am as good as dead; nearly destitute of life and hope.

  • Psalms 88:5 open_in_new

    Free among the dead, like the slain that lie in the grave, whom thou rememberest no more: and they are cut off from thy hand. Free among the dead - במתים צפשי bammethim chophshi, I rather think, means stripped among the dead. Both the fourth and fifth verses seem to allude to a field of battle: the slain and the wounded, are found scattered over the plain; the spoilers come among them, and strip, not only the dead, but those also who appear to be mortally wounded, and cannot recover, and are so feeble as not to be able to resist. Hence the psalmist says, "I am counted with them that go down into the pit; I am as a man that hath no strength," Psalms 88:4. And I am stripped among the dead, like the mortally wounded (חללים chalalim) that lie in the grave. "Free among the dead," inter mortuos liber, has been applied by the fathers to our Lord's voluntary death: all others were obliged to die, he alone gave up his life, and could take it again, John 10:18. He went into the grave, and came out when he chose. The dead are bound in the grave; he was free, and not obliged to continue in that state as they were.

    They are cut off from thy hand - An allusion to the roll in which the general has the names of all that compose his army under their respective officers. And when one is killed, he is erased from this register, and remembered no more, as belonging to the army; but his name is entered among those who are dead, in a separate book. This latter is termed the black book, or the book of death; the other is called the book of life, or the book where the living are enrolled. From this circumstance, expressed in different parts of the sacred writings, the doctrine of unconditional reprobation and election has been derived. How wonderful!

  • Psalms 88:7 open_in_new

    Thy wrath lieth hard upon me, and thou hast afflicted me with all thy waves. Selah. Thou hast afflicted me with all thy waves - The figures in this verse seem to be taken from a tempest at sea. The storm is fierce, and the waves cover the ship.

  • Psalms 88:8 open_in_new

    Thou hast put away mine acquaintance far from me; thou hast made me an abomination unto them: I am shut up, and I cannot come forth. Thou hast made me an abonmination - This verse has been supposed to express the state of a leper, who, because of the infectious nature of his disease, is separated from his family - is abominable to all, and at last shut up in a separate house, whence he does not come out to mingle with society.

  • Psalms 88:9 open_in_new

    Mine eye mourneth by reason of affliction: LORD, I have called daily upon thee, I have stretched out my hands unto thee.

  • Psalms 88:10 open_in_new

    Wilt thou shew wonders to the dead? shall the dead arise and praise thee? Selah. Wilt thou show wonders to the dead! - מתים methim, dead men.

    Shall the dead - רפאים rephaim, "the manes or departed spirits."

    Arise and praise thee? - Any more in this life? The interrogations in this and the two following verses imply the strongest negations.

  • Psalms 88:11 open_in_new

    Shall thy lovingkindness be declared in the grave? or thy faithfulness in destruction? Or thy faithfulness in destruction? - Faithfulness in God refers as well to his fulfilling his threatenings as to his keeping his promises. The wicked are threatened with such punishments as their crimes have deserved; but annihilation is no punishment. God therefore does not intend to annihilate the wicked; their destruction cannot declare the faithfulness of God.

  • Psalms 88:12 open_in_new

    Shall thy wonders be known in the dark? and thy righteousness in the land of forgetfulness? The land of forgetfulness? - The place of separate spirits, or the invisible world. The heathens had some notion of this state. They feigned a river in the invisible world, called Lethe, Ληθη, which signifies oblivion, and that those who drank of it remembered no more any thing relative to their former state.

    - Animae, quibus altera fato

    Corpora debentur, lethaei ad fluminis undam

    Securos latices et longa oblivia potant.

    Virg. Aen. 6: 713.

    To all those souls who round the river wait

    New mortal bodies are decreed by fate;

    To yon dark stream the gliding ghosts repair,

    And quaff deep draughts of long oblivion there.

  • Psalms 88:13 open_in_new

    But unto thee have I cried, O LORD; and in the morning shall my prayer prevent thee. Shall my prayer prevent thee - It shall get before thee; I will not wait till the accustomed time to offer my morning sacrifice, I shall call on thee long before others come to offer their devotions.

  • Psalms 88:14 open_in_new

    LORD, why castest thou off my soul? why hidest thou thy face from me? Why castest thou off my soul? - Instead of my soul, several of the ancient Versions have my prayer. Why dost thou refuse to hear me, and thus abandon me to death?

  • Psalms 88:15 open_in_new

    I am afflicted and ready to die from my youth up: while I suffer thy terrors I am distracted. From my youth up - I have always been a child of sorrow, afflicted in my body, and distressed in my mind. There are still found in the Church of God persons in similar circumstances; persons who are continually mourning for themselves and for the desolations of Zion. A disposition of this kind is sure to produce an unhealthy body; and indeed a weak constitution may often produce an enfeebled mind; but where the terrors of the Lord prevail, there is neither health of body nor peace of mind.

  • Psalms 88:16 open_in_new

    Thy fierce wrath goeth over me; thy terrors have cut me off. Thy fierce wrath goeth over me - It is a mighty flood by which I am overwhelmed.

  • Psalms 88:17 open_in_new

    They came round about me daily like water; they compassed me about together. They came round about me daily like water - Besides his spiritual conflicts, he had many enemies to grapple with. The waves of God's displeasure broke over him, and his enemies came around him like water, increasing more and more, rising higher and higher, till he was at last on the point of being submerged in the flood.

  • Psalms 88:18 open_in_new

    Lover and friend hast thou put far from me, and mine acquaintance into darkness. Lover and friend - I have no comfort, and neither friend nor neiphbour to sympathize with me.

    Mine acquaintance into darkness - All have forsaken me; or מידעי מחשך meyuddai machsach, "Darkness is my companion." Perhaps he may refer to the death of his acquaintances; all were gone; there was none left to console him! That man has a dismal lot who has outlived all his old friends and acquaintances; well may such complain. In the removal of their friends they see little else than the triumphs of death. Khosroo, an eminent Persian poet, handles this painful subject with great delicacy and beauty in the following lines: -

    Ruftem sauee khuteereh bekerestem bezar

    Az Hijereh Doostan ke aseer fana shudend:

    Guftem Eeshah Kuja shudend? ve Khatyr

    Dad az sada jouab Eeshan Kuja!

    "Weeping, I passed the place where lay my friends

    Captured by death; in accents wild Icried,

    Where are they? And stern Fate, by Echoes voice,

    Returned in solemn sound the sad Where are they?"

    J. B. C.

    Commentary on the Bible, by Adam Clarke [1831].